BIO 101 Daemen College Breast Cancer and Energy in Living Systems Discussions

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In your assigned readings, you learned how cells utilize energy. Discuss the importance of electrons in the transfer of energy in living systems. Be sure to use a specific example in your discussion.

Be sure to use in text citation and provide references for your sources. While not required for this discussion, you may use outside resources. When citing articles or other types of document, follow standard guidelines as introduced on this [page] (http://tim.thorpeallen.net/Courses/Reference/Citations.html “Citing references in scientific research papers”).

After posting your discussion on the forum, briefly comment in a constructive manner to at least two of your peer’s postings. In your comments, you may for instance refer to how your own experience supports/contradicts the opinions developed by your peers. You may also ask for more detailed examples supporting these opinions, if you think they are too general or not rooted enough in personal experience. In particular, make sure that the examples provided are properly referenced and that you are able to access them. Overall, your comments should contribute positively to the conversation by broadening or clarifying it.

2/. You need to fill out the word document named enzymes lab

3/ 

In your assigned readings, you learned how cells divide in order to replace damaged and dead cells. Normally, division is regulated resulting in healthy functional tissue. Cancer occurs when normal regulation of cell division is lost and becomes uncontrolled. Uncontrolled division results in massive reproduction of abnormal cells. Cancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle. The loss of control begins with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the regulatory molecules. Faulty instructions lead to a protein that does not function as it should. Any disruption of the monitoring system can allow other mistakes to be passed on to the daughter cells. Each successive cell division will give rise to daughter cells with even more accumulated damage. Eventually, all checkpoints become nonfunctional, and rapidly reproducing cells crowd out normal cells, resulting in a tumor or leukemia (blood cancer).

For this discussion, you will select a specific cancer. What cell type is affected? Describe the defect in cellular reproduction responsible for the cancer. Discuss therapy available for treatment of the disorder. Does the therapy treat the symptoms or the genetic nature of the disease? Explain.

Be sure to use in text citation and provide references for your sources. You will need to use outside sources for this discussion. When citing articles or other types of document, follow standard guidelines as introduced on this [page] (http://tim.thorpeallen.net/Courses/Reference/Citations.html “Citing references in scientific research papers”).

After posting your discussion on the forum, briefly comment in a constructive manner to at least two of your peer’s postings. In your comments, you may for instance refer to how your own experience supports/contradicts the opinions developed by your peers. You may also ask for more detailed examples supporting these opinions, if you think they are too general or not rooted enough in personal experience. In particular, make sure that the examples provided are properly referenced and that you are able to access them. Overall, your comments should contribute positively to the conversation by broadening or clarifying it.

4/ fill out the mitosis lab document

POSTS

1/ electrons plays an important role in our lives.it has complex functions that shift or reduce to compounds.

Furthermore, the role of electron energy is that energy can be transferred step by step by the transfer and transfer of energy between molecules. In addition, nureoctide derivatives derived from the B vitamins can be easily reduced or oxidized.
In addition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, commonly known as NAD, is derived from the oxidized form of the molecule, niacin, which is vitamin B3. NAD + is capable of receiving electrons from organic molecules.
NADP contains an extra phosphate machine and plays an important role in assimilation and photosynthesis. In addition, both NAD + and FAD + are heavily used to emit energy from sugars. adenosine triphosphate plays an important role in supplying energy and power to cells. In addition, APT is commonly known as the energy currency. That energy uses compounds as well as currencies to meet any energy demand in the cell. Energy is then released when the APT is removed by the terminal phosphate group. In short, energy needs to be injected into the system to regenerate APT, a necessary element to power living cells.

source: 7.1 Energy in Living Systems – Biology: OpenStax. Biology | OpenStax. (n.d.).

<a href="" title="2/&nbsp;Electrons play a very important role in transferring energy. When an electron is removed from a molecule, it results in a decrease in potential energy. The electron is shifted to a second compound after it has been removed from the first. These 2 compounds are the oxidized compound (first) and the reduced compound (second). The transferal of energy through electrons is important because it allows the atom, where most energy is stored in cells, to use the energy in small increments as opposed to one burst of energy. In order for this transfer to happen, there is a certain class of compounds that have the title of "electron shuttles". These compounds bind and carry high-energy electrons between compounds. An example of this is NAD?. When it has been oxidized and the electron has been transferred, NAD? becomes NADH. NAD? is the oxidized compound and NADH becomes the reduced compound. NADH has one more hydrogen ion and two more electrons than NAD? does after it was transferred. If too many electrons are transferred, there becomes free energy. If there is excess free energy, living cells aren’t able to store it. This is where ATP comes into the equation. ATP is often referred to as the "energy currency" in the cell. It is described as functioning similarly to a rechargeable battery. Combined with the transfer of electrons and ATP, a cell has all of the energy that it needs to perform its functions.”>2/ Electrons play a very important role in transferring energy. When an electron is removed from a molecule, it results in a decrease in potential energy. The electron is shifted to a second compound after it has been removed from the first. These 2 compounds are the oxidized compound (first) and the reduced compound (second). The transferal of energy through electrons is important because it allows the atom, where most energy is stored in cells, to use the energy in small increments as opposed to one burst of energy. In order for this transfer to happen, there is a certain class of compounds that have the title of “electron shuttles”. These compounds bind and carry high-energy electrons between compounds. An example of this is NAD?. When it has been oxidized and the electron has been transferred, NAD? becomes NADH. NAD? is the oxidized compound and NADH becomes the reduced compound. NADH has one more hydrogen ion and two more electrons than NAD? does after it was transferred. If too many electrons are transferred, there becomes free energy. If there is excess free energy, living cells aren’t able to store it. This is where ATP comes into the equation. ATP is often referred to as the “energy currency” in the cell. It is described as functioning similarly to a rechargeable battery. Combined with the transfer of electrons and ATP, a cell has all of the energy that it needs to perform its functions.

3/ I chose to research lung cancer further. Lung cancer typically starts in the lungs, but it is possible for cancer in other parts of the body to grow and then infect the lungs. Lung cancers will typically attack the cells lining the bronchi first, as well as the bronchioles/ alveoli.

There are 2 main types of cancers and each one has different parts that it affects as well as different treatments available. The two types are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC has several types of cancer below its “umbrella”. The most common type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma, which accounts for 30% of cases overall. These are also found in different forms of cancer including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. Adenocarcinoma is found in the outer part of the lung and affects the cells that would normally produce substances such as mucus. Squamous cell carcinoma affects the flat cells that are on the inside of our airways. These are usually found near the main airway, the bronchus. SCLC is sometimes referred to as oat cell cancer, because of the way that it makes the cells change.

Therapy for lung cancer differs in accordance with which type is present. Some types of cancer are not as aggressive and would not need as harsh treatment as others. The most common treatments are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, palliative care, as well as some clinical trials. The goals of all of these treatments are to wipe out cancer as a whole and not just get rid of its symptoms. It is recommended that you talk with your doctor to figure out the best plan of treatment for you based on your overall health, the type, and the state of your cancer. They will also take your preferences into consideration.

<a href="" title="2/&nbsp;Electrons play a very important role in transferring energy. When an electron is removed from a molecule, it results in a decrease in potential energy. The electron is shifted to a second compound after it has been removed from the first. These 2 compounds are the oxidized compound (first) and the reduced compound (second). The transferal of energy through electrons is important because it allows the atom, where most energy is stored in cells, to use the energy in small increments as opposed to one burst of energy. In order for this transfer to happen, there is a certain class of compounds that have the title of "electron shuttles". These compounds bind and carry high-energy electrons between compounds. An example of this is NAD?. When it has been oxidized and the electron has been transferred, NAD? becomes NADH. NAD? is the oxidized compound and NADH becomes the reduced compound. NADH has one more hydrogen ion and two more electrons than NAD? does after it was transferred. If too many electrons are transferred, there becomes free energy. If there is excess free energy, living cells aren’t able to store it. This is where ATP comes into the equation. ATP is often referred to as the "energy currency" in the cell. It is described as functioning similarly to a rechargeable battery. Combined with the transfer of electrons and ATP, a cell has all of the energy that it needs to perform its functions.”>2/ Electrons play a very important role in transferring energy. When an electron is removed from a molecule, it results in a decrease in potential energy. The electron is shifted to a second compound after it has been removed from the first. These 2 compounds are the oxidized compound (first) and the reduced compound (second). The transferal of energy through electrons is important because it allows the atom, where most energy is stored in cells, to use the energy in small increments as opposed to one burst of energy. In order for this transfer to happen, there is a certain class of compounds that have the title of “electron shuttles”. These compounds bind and carry high-energy electrons between compounds. An example of this is NAD?. When it has been oxidized and the electron has been transferred, NAD? becomes NADH. NAD? is the oxidized compound and NADH becomes the reduced compound. NADH has one more hydrogen ion and two more electrons than NAD? does after it was transferred. If too many electrons are transferred, there becomes free energy. If there is excess free energy, living cells aren’t able to store it. This is where ATP comes into the equation. ATP is often referred to as the “energy currency” in the cell. It is described as functioning similarly to a rechargeable battery. Combined with the transfer of electrons and ATP, a cell has all of the energy that it needs to perform its functions.

3/ I chose to research lung cancer further. Lung cancer typically starts in the lungs, but it is possible for cancer in other parts of the body to grow and then infect the lungs. Lung cancers will typically attack the cells lining the bronchi first, as well as the bronchioles/ alveoli.

There are 2 main types of cancers and each one has different parts that it affects as well as different treatments available. The two types are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC has several types of cancer below its “umbrella”. The most common type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma, which accounts for 30% of cases overall. These are also found in different forms of cancer including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. Adenocarcinoma is found in the outer part of the lung and affects the cells that would normally produce substances such as mucus. Squamous cell carcinoma affects the flat cells that are on the inside of our airways. These are usually found near the main airway, the bronchus. SCLC is sometimes referred to as oat cell cancer, because of the way that it makes the cells change.

Therapy for lung cancer differs in accordance with which type is present. Some types of cancer are not as aggressive and would not need as harsh treatment as others. The most common treatments are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, stereotactic body radiotherapy, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, palliative care, as well as some clinical trials. The goals of all of these treatments are to wipe out cancer as a whole and not just get rid of its symptoms. It is recommended that you talk with your doctor to figure out the best plan of treatment for you based on your overall health, the type, and the state of your cancer. They will also take your preferences into consideration.